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xlsx date of update: 2024-08-31 12:39:31
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| Description | Year | Month | Day |
| November – The triumvirs introduced proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 ''equites'' were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property. | -43 | 26 | |
| Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius did not die until after the Battle of Mutina). | -43 | 14 | |
| Cicero's 14th and last ''Philippic''. | -43 | 14 | |
| Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year. | -43 | 14 | |
| Antony marched to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crossed the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50nbspkm south-west of Genoa. Antony joints with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands. | -43 | 14 | |
| The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey bees supreme mander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria. | -43 | 14 | |
| July–August – Antony is again at the head of a large army, Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition. It is clear that Cicero’s plan to divide them against each other has failed. | -43 | 14 | |
| September – Gaius Octavian taking office as consul, the day before his 20th birthday, he prevailed to pass the ''lex Pedia'', a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime. | -43 | 14 | |
| Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian, the Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in its flank. After the battle 14.000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus fled to the heights of Philippi, where he mits suicide the following day. After the victory, Brutus' body is brought to Antonius' c, where he cast his purple paludamentum over his dead body and orders an honourable funeral for his erstwhile rade. The Republican cause crushed, Rome rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate. | -42 | 23 | |
| Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian returns to Rome and arranged for ± 40.000 veterans settlements in Cania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria and in northern Italy. | -42 | 23 | |
| First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian Caesar fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans who just arrived are routed, Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' c is captured by Antony's men, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead Cassius mits suicide. He ordered his freedman Pindarus to kill him, Brutus feared the impact on morale and secretly buried his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs. | -42 | 3 | |
| Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage. Octavian gained permission from the College of Pontiffs to wed her while she was still pregnant from another husband. Three months after the wedding she gave birth to a second son, Nero Claudius Drusus, while he and his elder brother, the four-year-old Tiberius, lived in Octavian's household. | -38 | 17 | |
| Octavian appointed Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he put down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fought successfully against the Germanic tribes, and being the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar. | -38 | 17 | |
| Mark Antony, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus and Marcus Lepidus sign the ''Treaty of Tarentum'' (or 37 BC), extending the Second Triumvirate until 33 BC. | -38 | 17 | |
| Parthian invasion into Roman Syria Publius Ventidius Bassus defeats Pacorus, at the crossing of the Euphrates in the Battle of Cyrrhestica. Ventidius lays siege to '''Antiochus of Commagene''' in Samosata until relieved by Antony. | -38 | 17 | |
| Beginning of the Hispanic era, by orders of Octavian Caesar. | -38 | 1 | |
| Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. He escaped with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor. | -36 | 3 | |
| Marcus Lepidus lands 12 legions from Africa and lays siege to Lilybaeum. He lost his army to Octavian when his men mutinied, Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death. | -36 | 3 | |
| Agrippa received the unprecedented honor of a Naval Crown (''corona navalis''), wrought of gold and decorated with the prows of ships. | -36 | 3 | |
| October ndash Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, marries Cleopatra VII and is still married to Octavia. | -36 | 3 | |
| Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, bees High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who had only held the position for one year. | -36 | 3 | |
| Octoberndash The Han Dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This led to half a century of peace between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enraged them in the year 10, resuming hostilities between both sides. | -36 | 3 | |
| Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats the naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. | -31 | 2 | |
| The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line. | -31 | 2 | |
| Winter ndash Octavian (thirty-two years old) takes court at Samos. After his decisive victory at Actium he builds Nicopolis, the city is populated by Greeks from settlements further inland. | -31 | 2 | |
| In the Judean Desert on an isolated rock plateau, fortress Masada is pleted. Herod the Great builts an armory, barracks, storehouses and a palace. | -31 | 2 | |
| The Hellenistic period ends (or AD 14 by some scholars). | -31 | 2 | |
| Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic. | -30 | 1 | |
| Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burned the Egyptian ships. | -30 | 1 | |
| The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian and taken back in triumph Octavia Minor raised Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her household in Rome. | -30 | 1 | |
| With the suicide of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the execution of Ptolemy XV Caesarion the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt es to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt. | -30 | 1 | |
| Octavian claims Cleopatra's treasure in the mausoleum at the Temple of Isis he pays the salaries of his veteran legionaries and gives them land in Italy. | -30 | 1 | |
| First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow in history as the 5th century ''Book of Later Han'' stated, that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan of the Chinese Han Dynasty helped him push a ''lu che'' back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around this year. | -30 | 1 | |
| Horace writes the ode ''Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen''. | -29 | 1 | |
| Composition of Aeneid by Virgil begins. | -29 | 1 | |
| The earliest dated record of a sunspot by Chinese astronomers. | -28 | 10 | |
| The Emilius et is said to have crashed into modern day Pakistan. | -28 | 10 | |
| Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate, they give him the titles of ''Princeps'' and '''Augustus'''. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of '''Romulus'''.W.H. Gross, 'The Propaganda of an Unpopular Ideology,' in The Age of Augustus: Interdisciplinary Conference held at Brown University, April 30–May 2, 1982, edited by Rolf Winkes (Rhode Island: Centre for Old World Archaeology and Art, 1985), 35. | -27 | 16 | |
| Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduced the number of legions to 26 and creates the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men). | -27 | 16 | |
| Augustus formed the Classis Misenensis, based in the harbour of Portus Julius at Misenum. | -27 | 16 | |
| Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitania, and enlarges Hispania Citerior. | -27 | 16 | |
| Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo). | -27 | 16 | |
| Marcus Agrippa begins the construction of the old Pantheon. | -27 | 16 | |
| Christian Cross Asterism (astronomy) at Zenith of Lima, Peru. | -26 | 29 | |
| The boy emperor, Ping Di dies of unexpected causes at age 14 Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, the Ruzi Ying, age 2, starting the ''Jushe'' era of the Han Dynasty. | 6 | 3 | |
| Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations. | 6 | 3 | |
| The imperial Liu clan suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (aka Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June. | 6 | 3 | |
| Roman general Tiberius defeats the Illyrians in Dalmatia on the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues. | 8 | 3 | |
| Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina. | 8 | 3 | |
| Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, and Lucius Apronius bee Roman Consuls. | 8 | 3 | |
| Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanţa). | 8 | 3 | |
| Tinarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome Eppillus bees king. | 8 | 3 | |
| Vonones I bees king of Parthia. | 8 | 3 | |
| Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty. | 8 | 3 | |
| In China, Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin Dynasty. | 8 | 3 | |
| After pleting ''Metamorphoses'', Ovid begins the ''Fasti'' (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman Calendar. | 8 | 3 | |
| Germanicus returns to Rome as conquering hero, he celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti and other German tribes west of the Elbe.Tacitus, The Annals 2.41 | 17 | 26 | |
| Emperor Tiberius sends Germanicus to the east in order to lead a military caign against Parthia. | 17 | 26 | |
| Cappadocia (Asia Minor) bees a Roman province. | 17 | 26 | |
| Lucius Aelius Sejanus bees Praetorian prefect. | 17 | 26 | |
| Beginning of a civil war in Germania. | 17 | 26 | |
| Maroboduus, king of the Maranni, is defeated by Arminius and his Germanic tribes. | 17 | 26 | |
| Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army, ref1 Tacitus, The Annals 2.52 begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the ''Limes Tripolitanus'' a fortified zone (Limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa. | 17 | 26 | |
| Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, builds on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, the city Tiberias in honor of Tiberius. | 17 | 26 | |
| An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis and damages several other cities. | 17 | 26 | |
| Publication of the Ab Urbe condita ( History of Rome Since its Foundation ) in 142 volumes by Livy. | 17 | 26 | |
| Good Friday ndash Crucifixion of Jesus (suggested date, but it is also suggested that he died on April 3, 33). | 30 | 7 | |
| Probable beginning of pontificate of Saint Peter (in Catholic reckoning, until 64). | 30 | 7 | |
| Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables, and poses some of his own. | 30 | 7 | |
| Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity. | 30 | 7 | |
| Good Friday) ndash Crucifixion of Jesus (according to one dating scheme). | 31 | 6 | |
| Naevius Sutorius Macro bees the leader of the Praetorian Guard after Sejanus is executed. | 31 | 6 | |
| Tiberius returns to Rome from Capri. | 31 | 6 | |
| Jared conquers the Babylonians according to the Dead Sea Scrolls. | 31 | 6 | |
| The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will and proclaims Caligula Roman Emperor.cambridge | 37 | 18 | |
| Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the Senate. | 37 | 18 | |
| An earthquake destroys Antioch. | 37 | 9 | |
| Abilene is granted to Agrippa I. | 37 | 9 | |
| Saint Peter founds the Syrian Orthodox Church (traditional date). | 37 | 9 | |
| Probable year of the conversion of the Pharisee Saul of Tarsus to Christianity after a vision. After 39 he is recognised as Saint Paul. | 37 | 9 | |
| After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Emperor by the Senate. | 41 | 25 | |
| Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea. | 41 | 25 | |
| Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla. | 41 | 25 | |
| Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire, | 41 | 25 | |
| An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans. | 41 | 25 | |
| Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong, as empress, and creates his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place. | 41 | 25 | |
| The disciples of Jesus form munities after the Diaspora, especially in Damascus and Antioch. For the first time they are called Christians. | 41 | 25 | |
| The death of Caligula saves the Jewish people from being punished for resisting orders to worship his statue in the Temple of Jerusalem. | 41 | 25 | |
| Roman emperor Claudius dies, possibly after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece, and is succeeded by Nero. | 54 | 13 | |
| Nero attempts to prohibit the gladiatorial games. | 54 | 13 | |
| Under Nero, Rome annexes Aden to protect the maritime route between Alexandria and Asia. | 54 | 13 | |
| Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the sources of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest. | 54 | 13 | |
| Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo arrives in the East and take up an assignment as governor of Asia, with a secret brief from Nero and his chief ministers Seneca and Burrus to return Armenia to the Roman Empire. | 54 | 13 | |
| Corbulo inspects in Syria a base of Legio X Fretensis at Cyrrhus, the Roman legionnaires are demoralized by a long peace . Many soldiers have sold their helmets and shields. | 54 | 13 | |
| Corbulo recruits Syrian auxiliary units in the region and stationed them in border forts, with orders from Nero not to provoke the Parthians. | 54 | 13 | |
| Violence erupts in Caesarea regarding the a local ordinance restricting the civil rights of Jews, creating clashes between Jews and pagans. The Roman garrison, made up of Syrians, takes the side of the pagans. The Jews, armed with clubs and swords, meet in the marketplace. The governor of Judea, Antonius Felix, orders his troops to charge. The violence continues and Felix asks Nero to arbitrate. Nero, sides with the pagans and relegates the Jews to second-class citizens. This decision does nothing but increase the Jews' anger. | 54 | 13 | |
| In Britain, Venutius leads a revolt against his ex-wife Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes and a Roman ally. Governor Aulus Didius Gallus sends her military aid, and after some indecisive fighting a legion manded by Caesius Nasica defeats the rebels (approximate date – some time between 52 and 57). | 54 | 13 | |
| Winter ndash Domitius Corbulo marched his legions (Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X) into the mountains of Cappadocia and made c. He gives the men a harsh training, twenty-five-mile marches and weapons drills. | 54 | 13 | |
| Judea is returned piecemeal to Agrippa I's son Marcus Julius Agrippa between 48 and 54. | 54 | 13 | |
| Patriarch Onesimus succeeds Stachys the Apostle as Patriarch of Constantinople. | 54 | 13 | |